GitHub is a code hosting platform for version control and collaboration. It lets you and others work together on projects from anywhere. GitHub has become the industry-standard version control and publishing the platform for web developers. It also provides command line tool access control and several collaboration features, such as wikis and basic task management tools for every project. This example GitHub commands tutorial for beginners will help to improve.
Example GitHub Commands
Show helpful guides that come with Git
git help -g
Search change by content
git log -S'<a term in the source>'
Sync with remote, overwrite local changes
git fetch origin && git reset --hard origin/master && git clean -f -d
List of all files till a commit
git ls-tree --name-only -r <commit-ish>
Git reset first commit
git update-ref -d HEAD
List all the conflicted files
git diff --name-only --diff-filter=U
List of all files changed in a commit
git diff-tree --no-commit-id --name-only -r <commit-ish>
Unstaged changes since last commit
git diff
Changes staged for commit
git diff --cached
Alternatives:
git diff --staged
Show both staged and unstaged changes
git diff HEAD
List all branches that are already merged into master
git branch --merged master
Quickly switch to the previous branch
git checkout -
Alternatives:
git checkout @{-1}
Remove branches that have already been merged with master
git branch --merged master | grep -v '^\*' | xargs -n 1 git branch -d
Alternatives:
git branch --merged master | grep -v '^\*\| master' | xargs -n 1 git branch -d # will not delete master if master is not checked out
List all branches and their upstream, as well as last commit on branch
git branch -vv
Track upstream branch
git branch -u origin/mybranch
Delete local branch
git branch -d <local_branchname>
Delete remote branch
git push origin --delete <remote_branchname>
Alternatives:
git push origin :<remote_branchname>
Delete local tag
git tag -d <tag-name>
Delete remote tag
git push origin :refs/tags/<tag-name>
Undo local changes with the last content in head
git checkout -- <file_name>
Revert: Undo a commit by creating a new commit
git revert <commit-ish>
Reset: Discard commits, advised for private branch
git reset <commit-ish>
Reword the previous commit message
git commit -v --Werner
See commit history for just the current branch
git cherry -v master
Werner author.
git commit --Werner --author='Author Name <email@address.com>'
Reset author, after author has been changed in the global config.
git commit --Werner --reset-author --no-edit
Changing a remote’s URL
git remote set-url origin <URL>
Get list of all remote references
git remote
Alternatives:
git remote show
Get list of all local and remote branches
git branch -a
Get only remote branches
git branch -r
Stage parts of a changed file, instead of the entire file
git add -p
Get git bash completion
curl http://git.io/vfhol > ~/.git-completion.bash && echo '[ -f ~/.git-completion.bash ] && . ~/.git-completion.bash' >> ~/.bashrc
What changed since two weeks?
git log --no-merges --raw --since='2 weeks ago'
Alternatives:
git whatchanged --since='2 weeks ago'
See all commits made since forking from master
git log --no-merges --stat --reverse master..
Pick commits across branches using cherry-pick
git checkout <branch-name> && git cherry-pick <commit-ish>
Find out branches containing commit-hash
git branch -a --contains <commit-ish>
Alternatives:
git branch --contains <commit-ish>
Git Aliases
git config --global alias.<handle> <command> git config --global alias.st status
Saving current state of tracked files without commiting
git stash
Alternatives:
git stash save
Saving current state of unstaged changes to tracked files
git stash -k
Alternatives:
git stash --keep-index git stash save --keep-index
Saving current state including untracked files
git stash -u
Alternatives:
git stash save -u git stash save --include-untracked
Saving current state with message
git stash save <message>
Saving current state of all files (ignored, untracked, and tracked)
git stash -a
Alternatives:
git stash --all git stash save --all
Show list of all saved stashes
git stash list
Apply any stash without deleting from the stashed list
git stash apply <stash@{n}>
Apply last stashed state and delete it from stashed list
git stash pop
Alternatives:
git stash apply stash@{0} && git stash drop stash@{0}
Delete all stored stashes
git stash clear
Alternatives:
git stash drop <stash@{n}>
Grab a single file from a stash
git checkout <stash@{n}> -- <file_path>
Alternatives:
git checkout stash@{0} -- <file_path>
Show all tracked files
git ls-files -t
Show all untracked files
git ls-files --others
Show all ignored files
git ls-files --others -i --exclude-standard
Create new working tree from a repository (git 2.5)
git worktree add -b <branch-name> <path> <start-point>
Create new working tree from HEAD state
git worktree add --detach <path> HEAD
Untrack files without deleting
git rm --cached <file_path>
Alternatives:
git rm --cached -r <directory_path>
Before deleting untracked files/directory, do a dry run to get the list of these files/directories
git clean -n
Forcefully remove untracked files
git clean -f
Forcefully remove untracked directory
git clean -f -d
Alternatives:
git clean -df
Update all the submodules
git submodule foreach git pull
Alternatives:
git submodule update --init --recursive git submodule update --remote
Show all commits in the current branch yet to be merged to master
git cherry -v master
Alternatives:
git cherry -v master <branch-to-be-merged>
Rename a branch
git branch -m <new-branch-name>
Alternatives:
git branch -m [<old-branch-name>] <new-branch-name>
Rebases ‘feature’ to ‘master’ and merges it in to master
git rebase master feature && git checkout master && git merge -
Archive the master branch
git archive master --format=zip --output=master.zip
Modify previous commit without modifying the commit message
git add --all && git commit --Werner --no-edit
Prunes references to remote branches that have been deleted in the remote.
git fetch -p
Alternatives:
git remote prune origin
Retrieve the commit hash of the initial revision.
git rev-list --reverse HEAD | head -1
Alternatives:
git rev-list --max-parents=0 HEAD git log --pretty=oneline | tail -1 | cut -c 1-40 git log --pretty=oneline --reverse | head -1 | cut -c 1-40
Visualize the version tree.
git log --pretty=oneline --graph --decorate --all
Alternatives:
gitk --all
Deploying git tracked subfolder to gh-pages
git subtree push --prefix subfolder_name origin gh-pages
Adding a project to repo using subtree
git subtree add --prefix=<directory_name>/<project_name> --squash git@github.com:<username>/<project_name>.git master
Get latest changes in your repo for a linked project using subtree
git subtree pull --prefix=<directory_name>/<project_name> --squash git@github.com:<username>/<project_name>.git master
Export a branch with history to a file.
git bundle create <file> <branch-name>
Import from a bundle
git clone repo.bundle <repo-dir> -b <branch-name>
Get the name of current branch.
git rev-parse --abbrev-ref HEAD
Ignore one file on commit (e.g. Changelog).
git update-index --assume-unchanged Changelog; git commit -a; git update-index --no-assume-unchanged Changelog
Stash changes before rebasing
git rebase --autostash
Fetch pull request by ID to a local branch
git fetch origin pull/<id>/head:<branch-name>
Alternatives:
git pull origin pull/<id>/head:<branch-name>
Show the most recent tag on the current branch.
git describe --tags --abbrev=0
Show inline word diff.
git diff --word-diff
Show changes using common diff tools.
git difftool -t <commit1> <commit2> <path>
Don’t consider changes for tracked file.
git update-index --assume-unchanged <file_name>
Undo assume-unchanged.
git update-index --no-assume-unchanged <file_name>
Clean the files from .gitignore.
git clean -X -f
Restore deleted file.
git checkout <deleting_commit>^ -- <file_path>
Restore file to a specific commit-hash
git checkout <commit-ish> -- <file_path>
Always rebase instead of merge on pull.
git config --global pull.rebase true
Alternatives:
#git < 1.7.9 git config --global branch.autosetuprebase always
List all the alias and configs.
git config --list
Make git case sensitive.
git config --global core.ignorecase false
Add custom editors.
git config --global core.editor '$EDITOR'
Auto correct typos.
git config --global help.autocorrect 1
Check if the change was a part of a release.
git name-rev --name-only <SHA-1>
Dry run. (any command that supports dry-run flag should do.)
git clean -fd --dry-run
Marks your commit as a fix of a previous commit.
git commit --fixup <SHA-1>
Squash fixup commits normal commits.
git rebase -i --autosquash
Skip staging area during commit.
git commit --only <file_path>
Interactive staging.
git add -i
List ignored files.
git check-ignore *
Status of ignored files.
git status --ignored
Commits in Branch1 that are not in Branch2
git log Branch1 ^Branch2
List n last commits
git log -<n>
Alternatives:
git log -n <n>
Reuse recorded resolution, record and reuse previous conflicts resolutions.
git config --global rerere.enabled 1
Open all conflicted files in an editor.
git diff --name-only | uniq | xargs $EDITOR
Count unpacked number of objects and their disk consumption.
git count-objects --human-readable
Prune all unreachable objects from the object database.
git gc --prune=now --aggressive
Instantly browse your working repository in gitweb.
git instaweb [--local] [--httpd=<httpd>] [--port=<port>] [--browser=<browser>]
View the GPG signatures in the commit log
git log --show-signature
Remove entry in the global config.
git config --global --unset <entry-name>
Checkout a new branch without any history
git checkout --orphan <branch_name>
Extract file from another branch.
git show <branch_name>:<file_name>
List only the root and merge commits.
git log --first-parent
Change previous two commits with an interactive rebase.
git rebase --interactive HEAD~2
List all branch is WIP
git checkout master && git branch --no-merged
Find guilty with binary search
git bisect start # Search start git bisect bad # Set point to bad commit git bisect good v2.6.13-rc2 # Set point to good commit|tag git bisect bad # Say current state is bad git bisect good # Say current state is good git bisect reset # Finish search
Bypass pre-commit and commit-msg githooks
git commit --no-verify
List commits and changes to a specific file (even through renaming)
git log --follow -p -- <file_path>
Clone a single branch
git clone -b <branch-name> --single-branch https://github.com/user/repo.git
Create and switch new branch
git checkout -b <branch-name>
Alternatives:
git branch <branch-name> && git checkout <branch-name>
Ignore file mode changes on commits
git config core.fileMode false
Turn off git colored terminal output
git config --global color.ui false
Specific color settings
git config --global <specific command e.g branch, diff> <true, false or always>
Show all local branches ordered by recent commits
git for-each-ref --sort=-committerdate --format='%(refname:short)' refs/heads/
Find lines matching the pattern (regex or string) in tracked files
git grep --heading --line-number 'foo bar'
Clone a shallow copy of a repository
git clone https://github.com/user/repo.git --depth 1
Search Commit log across all branches for given text
git log --all --grep='<given-text>'
Get first commit in a branch (from master)
git log master..<branch-name> --oneline | tail -1
Unstaging Staged file
git reset HEAD <file-name>
Force push to Remote Repository
git push -f <remote-name> <branch-name>
Adding Remote name
git remote add <remote-nickname> <remote-url>
Show the author, time and last revision made to each line of a given file
git blame <file-name>
Group commits by authors and title
git shortlog
Forced push but still ensure you don’t overwrite other’s work
git push --force-with-lease <remote-name> <branch-name>
Show how many lines does an author contribute
git log --author='_Your_Name_Here_' --pretty=tformat: --numstat | gawk '{ add += <!-- @doxie.inject start -->; subs += <!-- @doxie.inject end -->; loc += <!-- @doxie.inject start --> - <!-- @doxie.inject end --> } END { printf "added lines: %s removed lines: %s total lines: %s
", add, subs, loc }' -
Alternatives:
git log --author='_Your_Name_Here_' --pretty=tformat: --numstat | awk '{ add += <!-- @doxie.inject start -->; subs += <!-- @doxie.inject end -->; loc += <!-- @doxie.inject start --> - <!-- @doxie.inject end --> } END { printf "added lines: %s, removed lines: %s, total lines: %s
", add, subs, loc }' - # on Mac OSX
Revert: Reverting an entire merge
git revert -m 1 <commit-ish>
Number of commits in a branch
git rev-list --count <branch-name>
Alias: git undo
git config --global alias.undo '!f() { git reset --hard $(git rev-parse --abbrev-ref HEAD)@{${1-1}}; }; f'
Add object notes
git notes add -m 'Note on the previous commit....'
Show all the git-notes
git log --show-notes='*'
Apply commit from another repository
git --git-dir=<source-dir>/.git format-patch -k -1 --stdout <SHA1> | git am -3 -k
Specific fetch reference
git fetch origin master:refs/remotes/origin/mymaster
Find common ancestor of two branches
diff -u <(git rev-list --first-parent BranchA) <(git rev-list --first-parent BranchB) | sed -ne 's/^ //p' | head -1
List unpushed git commits
git log --branches --not --remotes
Alternatives:
git log @{u}..
git cherry -v
Add everything, but whitespace changes
git diff --ignore-all-space | git apply --cached
Edit [local/global] git config
git config [--global] --edit
blame on certain range
git blame -L <start>,<end>
Show a Git logical variable.
git var -l | <variable>
Preformatted patch file.
git format-patch -M upstream..topic
Get the repo name.
git rev-parse --show-toplevel
logs between date range
git log --since='FEB 1 2017' --until='FEB 14 2017'
Exclude author from logs
git log --perl-regexp --author='^((?!excluded-author-regex).*)
Generates a summary of pending changes
git request-pull v1.0 https://git.ko.xz/project master:for-linus
List references in a remote repository
git ls-remote git://git.kernel.org/pub/scm/git/git.git
Backup untracked files.
git ls-files --others -i --exclude-standard | xargs zip untracked.zip
List all git aliases
git config -l | grep alias | sed 's/^alias\.//g'
Alternatives:
git config -l | grep alias | cut -d '.' -f 2
Show git status short
git status --short --branch
Checkout a commit prior to a day ago
git checkout master@{yesterday}
You can use this URL to get more details and Tips.
https://github.com/git-tips/tips#clean-the-files-from-gitignore
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